site-investigation-and-remediation-thumbnail

Detecting VOCs In Soil

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) In Soil
Download Guide

Back to Industry Guides

VOCs enter soil from many sources including, from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition (typically rainfall or deposition of ash and particulate smog), as liquids and solids as a result of petrochemical spillage and leakage and clandestine dumping of waste, from deliberate spreading of waste products as an intended improvement to soil health (e.g. sewage sludge, composted domestic waste), and run off of contaminated surface water from asphalted and paved surfaces. Soil biota produce large quantities of methane, but not other VOCs.

Site Investigation & Remediation

Despite the complexity of VOCs dynamics in soil, in general, non-polar VOCs tend to be transported as vapour through soil air, with a tendency to escape into buildings at sub-soil level.

By contrast more polar VOCs tend to be transported downwards by water, resulting in contamination of ground water. Of course, even the very low concentrations of non-polar VOCs such as benzene, xylene, perchloroethylene and vinyl chloride are sufficient to seriously contaminate ground water, despite, in may soils, a much larger proportion of these VOCs being dispersed as vapour via soil air.

Soil investigations help to determine the;

  • Bearing capacity of the particular soil, bearing capacity determines the design of the proposed structure on the soil.
  • Rate of the settlement of the soil, which determines the settlement rate of the structure on the soil.
  • Select the suitable construction technique
  • The water table level of the soil, which affects the foundation of the building and determines the safety of the building.
  • The chemical and mineral contents of the soil, which determine the selection of material used in construction.

VOCs of both low volatility and low water solubility are liable to reside in soil for a long
time – possibly decades. Their removal then depends upon chemical processes such as oxidation and hydrolysis, assisted by soil biota. The most retained organic compounds in soil are those of very low volatility, low water solubility, and resistant to chemical and biological degradation. Chlorinated polyaromatics, and phthalates are examples of such persistent chemicals, which are coincidentally harmful to soil biota and other lifeforms at very low concentrations. A very good account of the fate of soil pollutants is provided by Defra, UK.

UK Environment agency. ‘Review of the Fate and Transport of Selected contaminants in the Soil Environment, ISBN 1844323145, UK.

Importance Of Soil Investigation

The investigation of the soil is very necessary for construction activities. It is the natural foundation of every structure or dam that is ever built in the world. Often soil testing is not done before the start of the construction as it is considered a waste of money.

The soil test gives or shows the physical and chemical characteristic of the particular soil. These characteristics vary from soil to soil and layer to layer even within the proposed area of the construction. The soil characteristics can change with time. The climate, weather changes, and management of the site can lead to change in characteristics. All these changes affect the bearing quality of the soil. Any project that is constructed has to be designed to meet the bearing capacity of the soil. Any mismatch between the soil bearing capacity and structure could cause loss of property and life.

Geotechnical investigation is an integral part of the construction process which is done to obtain information about the physical characteristics of soil/rock around a site. It is a below-ground investigation wherein the soil strata are sampled and tested to establish its characteristics, which will influence the construction project.

The soil investigations provide the engineer with knowledge of the subsurface conditions at the site of an engineering project. It allows the engineer to work out the safe and economical design of a project and inform the construction engineer about the material and conditions he will encounter in the field.

Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs In Soil

Volatiles diffuse through soil extremely slowly, and times scales of years may be significant. A not too embracing definition of a VOC the in the soil which covers such marginal cases is therefore needed. An appealing measure of volatility is evaporative loss in determining volatile content, such as is used to provide a legal definition of volatile.
– ‘Standard Test Method for Loss-On-Drying by Thermogravimetry’, ASTM E1868–10 (2015), ASTM.

A study of evaporative VOC loss from 1 g samples placed in ambient quiescent air over 6 months found >5% weight loss in all chemicals tested of boiling point >280°C. For VOCs of higher boiling point, vapour in the air tends to form particulates, and safety data tend not to be quoted as a vapour concentration. This is adopted as the threshold for volatility here.
– Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Download our FREE Guide

“Site Investigation & Remediation”

The site investigation & remediation guide which can be downloaded below provides the reader with an in-depth balance of knowledge of why VOCs in soil are mobile as a consequence of vapour diffusion and water transport, to an extent that depends on the soil, the VOC polarity, solubility and propensity to break down due to the local chemical and biological soil environment. VOCs which effect soil biota should be considered harmful in respect of their many wider benefits.

soil-investigation-and-remediation

Download Guide

Related Guides

An Introduction to Field Based Contaminated Land Measurements

The following guide will explain the reasons behind the popularity of PID, despite the challenges presented by field work.

View Details

Benzene Detection – Fixed Instruments

Benzene Detection (Fixed Instruments) - ION Science's Fixed Photoionisation Detectors protect workers and the public from benzene exposure

View Details

Contaminated Land – Why use ION Science PID?

The following guide explains the Tiger XTs humidity resistant design and how it can become an important tool for your sample screening.

View Details

Gas Detection Equipment – Choosing The Right Type

Gas detection for safety is pivotal, so Ion science cuts no corners when it comes to our gas detectors. Explore our variety of gas detectors today!

View Details

Gas Detection Instrument – Do you Require One In Your Industry?

The Gas detection Instrument guide will help you understand the requirement for each type of instrument and which will be best suited to your industry.

View Details

Ground Gas Monitoring – Subsurface Guide

Ground gas monitoring - contaminated ground such as from landfill sites, infilled ground and spilled or leaked petroleum hydrocarbons.

View Details

Risks Associated With Unproven Technology

The following guide provides the reader with knowledge on what to look out for when purchasing a fixed gas detection instrument. Covering key aspects such as performance specification, sensitivity and measurement range, temperature, contamination and humidity tolerance, flexibility and certification.

View Details

Soil Remediation With Photoionisation Detection

Soil remediation, which is the reduction of contaminant concentrations within the soil and to reduce contaminants so that they are suitable for use,

View Details

Soil Screening For VOCs By Headspace Measurements

Soil sampling & analysis of VOCs requires careful sample retrieval handling. Most VOCs, it is often possible and advantageous to analyse a sample headspace.

View Details

Subsurface Monitoring – A Guide to Soil/Ground Gas Risk

Subsurface Monitoring is critical and should be considered before any development on top of any soil, As if left uncontrolled can lead to serious effects.

View Details

VOCs In Soil Remediation – A Buyers Guide To Measuring

VOCs in soil remediation can be easily identified with the use of PIDs. They are simple to use and provide quick, accurate results.

View Details

Photoionisation Sensors For The Detection Of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Download your FREE Guide

Simply complete the form below to obtain your FREE Guide on “Site Investigation & Remediation”.